2 - Added support for detection of malicious traffic that is delivered via
3 IPv6. This is accomplished by parsing ip6tables log messages - these are
4 in a slightly different format than the iptables log messages. Here is
7 Mar 17 13:39:13 linux kernel: [956932.483644] DROP IN=eth0 OUT=
8 MAC=00:13:46:3a:41:36:00:1b:b9:76:9c:e4:86:dd
9 SRC=2001:0db8:0000:f101:0000:0000:0000:0002
10 DST=2001:0db8:0000:f101:0000:0000:0000:0001 LEN=80 TC=0 HOPLIMIT=64
11 FLOWLBL=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=50326 DPT=993 WINDOW=5760 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
13 Detection of malicious IPv6 traffic can be disabled via a new
14 ENABLE_IPV6_DETECTION config variable.
16 - For ICMP6 traffic, added protocol validation for ICMP6 type/code
18 - Replaced Net::IPv4Addr with the excellent NetAddr::IP module which has
19 comprehensive support for IPv6 address network parsing and comparisons.
20 - Added a new test suite in the test/ directory to validate psad run time
21 operations (scan detection, signature matching, and more). To support
22 this, a new '--install-test-dir' option was added to the install.pl
23 script. Once this is executed, the test suite can be run via the
24 test-psad.pl script in the test/ directory.
25 - Added a new MAX_SCAN_IP_PAIRS config variable to allow psad memory usage
26 to be constrained by restricting the number of unique IP pairs that psad
27 This is useful for when psad is deployed on systems with little memory,
28 and is best utilized in conjunction with disabling ENABLE_PERSISTENCE so
29 that old scans will also be deleted (and thereby making room for tracking
30 new scans under the MAX_SCAN_IP_PAIRS threshold).
31 - Bug fix for 'qw(...) usage as parenthesis' warnings for perl > 5.14
32 - Bug fix that caused psad to emit the following:
34 Undefined subroutine &main::LOG_DAEMON called at ./psad line 10071.
36 This problem was noticed by Robert and reported on the psad mailing list.
37 - Added --install-root to the install.pl script so that psad can be
38 installed in a directory specified by the user as opposed to the normal
39 system default. This was a suggestion from @pyllyukko.
40 - Added PERL5LIB env variable usage to the install.pl script so that module
41 installs can reference the current install path.
42 - Updated to the latest p0f signatures from OpenBSD.
43 - Altered the 'ET MALWARE Bundleware Spyware CHM Download' Snort rule in
44 the bundled Emerging Threats rule set to make sure that ClamAV does not
45 flag on the pattern "mhtml\:file\://" which is associated with the
46 following ClamAV signature:
48 $ grep Exploit.HTML.MHTRedir-8 main.ndb
49 Exploit.HTML.MHTRedir-8:3:*:6d68746d6c3a66696c653a2f2f{1-20}2168
51 An analysis of this issue was posted here:
53 http://www.cipherdyne.org/blog/2010/08/22.html
55 - Bug fix for ICMP packet handling where psad would incorrectly interpret
56 ICMP port unreachable messages as UDP packets because the UDP specifics
57 are included in the iptables log message. This bug was first reported by
58 Lukas Baxa to the Debian maintainers and was followed up by Franck
61 http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=596240
63 An example ICMP log message that exposed the bug is included below:
65 Sep 8 18:04:26 baxic kernel: [28241.572876] IN_DROP IN=wlan0
66 OUT= MAC=00:1a:9f:91:df:ae:00:21:27:e8:0a:a0:08:00
67 SRC=10.0.0.138 DST=192.168.1.103 LEN=96 TOS=0x00 PREC=0xC0 TTL=254
68 ID=63642 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=3 CODE=3
69 [SRC=192.168.1.103 DST=10.0.0.138 LEN=68 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=0
70 ID=22458 PROTO=UDP SPT=35080 DPT=33434 LEN=48 ]
72 - Updated the bundled whois client to 5.0.6.
73 - Removed the ExtUtils::MakeMaker RPM build requirement from the psad.spec
74 file. This is a compromise which will allow the psad RPM to be built
75 even if RPM dosen't or can't see that ExtUtils::MakeMaker is installed -
76 most likely it will build anyway. If it doesn't, there are bigger
77 problems since psad is written in perl. If you want to build the psad
78 RPM with a .spec file that requires ExtUtils::MakeMaker, then use the
79 "psad-require-makemaker.spec" file that is bundled in the psad sources.
80 - Switched to git from svn - comprehensive psad development history can
81 can acquired through gitweb:
83 http://www.cipherdyne.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=psad.git;a=summary
85 or through git itself:
87 $ git clone http://www.cipherdyne.org/git/psad psad.git
89 - Updated to IPTables::ChainMgr 1.2 and IPTables::Parse 1.1 in the deps/
91 - In the /var/log/psad/<ip>/ directories, whois information is stored in
92 the <IP>_whois files, the IP in the filename was included as a
93 destination IP under the psad -S output. This has been fixed. Here is
94 an example of the invalid output:
97 SRC: 123.123.123.221, DL: 2, Dsts: 2, Pkts: 1, Unique sigs: 1,
99 DST: 1.2.3.4, Local IP
100 Scanned ports: TCP 1433, Pkts: 1, Chain: INPUT, Intf: eth0
101 Signature match: "MISC Microsoft SQL Server communication attempt"
102 TCP, Chain: INPUT, Count: 1, DP: 1433, SYN, Sid: 100205
105 - By default the install.pl script records user answers to installation
106 queries so they can be used to install psad in an automated fashion later.
107 A new option --Use-answers makes this possible. This feature was requests
110 psad-2.1.7 (07/14/2010):
111 - (Dan A. Dickey) Added the ability to use the "ip" command from the
112 iproute2 tools to acquire IP addresses from local interfaces. Dan's
113 description is as follows: "...A main reason for doing this is in the
114 case of multi-homed hosts. ifconfig sets these up on an interface using
115 aliases, iproute2 does not. So, for a multi-homed interface (eth0 with
116 multiple addresses), ifconfig -a only shows the first one configured and
117 not the rest. ip addr shows all of the configured addresses...".
118 - Added ENABLE_WHOIS_FORCE_ASCII to replace any non-ascii characters in
119 whois data (which is common with whois lookups against Chinese IP
120 addresses for example) with the string "NA". This option is disabled by
121 default, but can be useful if errors like the following are seen upon
122 receiving an email alert from psad:
124 <<< 554 5.6.1 Eight bit data not allowed
125 554 5.0.0 Service unavailable
127 - Updated psad to issue whois lookups against IP addresses that are not
128 directly connected to the local system. This is useful for example when
129 an internal system is scanning an external destination system, and the
130 scan is logged in the FORWARD chain. Issuing whois lookups on the
131 internal system (frequently on RFC 1918 address space) is not usually
132 very useful, but issuing the whois lookup against the destination system
133 gives much more interesting data. This feature can be disabled with the
134 new ENABLE_WHOIS_FORCE_SRC_IP variable.
136 psad-2.1.6 (07/09/2010):
137 - Bug fix for Decode_Month() calls used to handle date formats and ensure
138 proper month handling for iptables log message time stamps. This bug
139 caused psad to die in some cases, and the specific error on the console
141 Date::Calc::Decode_Month(): argument is not a string at \
142 /usr/sbin/psad line 1103, <FWDATA> line 2.
143 - (Franck Joncourt) Added --Override-config feature so that alternate
144 configuration files can be specified on the command line to override
145 configuration variables in the standard /etc/psad/psad.conf file.
146 - (Franck Joncourt) Submitted patches to fix stderr redirection for the
147 usage of the mail binary, and to close stdout, stdin, and stderr when
148 running psad as a daemon.
150 psad-2.1.5 (02/20/2009):
151 - (Miroslav Grepl) Contributed policy files to make psad compatible with
152 SELinux. The files are located in a new "selinux" directory in the
154 - Bug fix for local server ports not reported correctly under netstat
155 parsing (Franck Joncourt).
156 - (Steve B) Submitted patch to fix a bug in the start() function in the
157 Gentoo init script which caused psad to not be started and the error
158 "* ERROR: psad failed to start" to be generated.
159 - Bug fix when ENABLE_SYSLOG_FILE is enabled to run a preliminary regex
160 match on each syslog message because kmsgsd is not running and therefore
161 has not gone through the kmsgsd tests for a properly structured iptables
163 - Updated IPTables::Parse to 0.7.
164 - Updated IPTables::ChainMgr to 0.9.
166 psad-2.1.4 (08/21/2008):
167 - Restructured perl module paths to make it easy to introduce a "nodeps"
168 distribution of psad that does not contain any perl modules. This
169 allows better integration with systems that already have all necessary
170 modules installed (including the IPTables::ChainMgr and IPTables::Parse
171 modules). The main driver for this work is to make all cipherdyne.org
172 projects easily integrated with distributions based on Debian, and
173 Franck Joncourt has been instrumental in making this process a reality.
174 All perl modules are now placed within the "deps" directory, and the
175 install.pl script checks to see if this directory exists - a separate
176 psad-<ver>-nodeps tarball will be distributed without this directory.
177 The Debian package for psad can then reference the -nodeps tarball, and
178 a new "psad-nodeps.spec" file has been added to build an RPM from the
179 psad sources that does not install any perl modules.
180 - Updated to use the normal system whois client if the /usr/bin/whois_psad
181 path does not exist, and moved the whois/ directory into the deps/
182 directory. This removes /usr/bin/whois_psad as a strict dependency.
183 - Bugfix to honor the IPT_SYSLOG_FILE variable in --Analyze-msgs mode.
184 - Switched from the deprecated bleeding-all.rules file to the new
185 emerging-all.rules available from Matt Jonkman at Emerging Threats
186 (http://www.emergingthreats.net).
188 psad-2.1.3 (06/07/2008):
189 - Updated to enable IPT_SYSLOG_FILE by default. This is a relatively
190 important change since it changes the method of acquiring iptables log
191 data from reading it out of named pipe from syslog to just parsing the
192 /var/log/messages file. This implies that kmsgsd does not have to run,
193 and that it is much easier to ensure that psad actually receives
194 iptables log messages. The most complex and error prone aspect of psad
195 in the past has been the reconfiguration of the various syslog daemons
196 out there (which have very different configuration syntax and features)
197 to write kern.info messages to the /var/lib/psad/psadfifo named pipe.
198 - Updated to version 4.7.26 of the whois client from Marco d'Itri. This
199 allows whois records for some addresses (such as 116.125.35.98, which
200 which was scanning a system running psad but could not be identified
201 under the older whois client) to be properly queried.
202 - Updated to Bit::Vector 6.4 from 6.3.
203 - Updated to Date::Calc 5.4 from 5.3.
204 - Updated to Storable 2.18 from 2.16.
206 psad-2.1.2 (04/03/2008):
207 - Bugfix to not include kernel timestamps in iptables log prefixes that
208 contain spaces like "[ 65.026008] DROP" (bug reported by Erik Heidt).
209 - Bugfix to skip non-resolved IP addresses (bug reported by Albert Whale)
210 - Better p0f output in --debug mode to display when a passive OS
211 fingerprint cannot be calculated based on iptables log messages that
212 include tcp options (i.e., with --log-tcp-options when building a LOG
213 rule on the iptables command line).
215 psad-2.1.1 (01/25/2008):
216 - Added a new feature whereby psad can acquire iptables log data just by
217 parsing an existing file (/var/log/messages by default) that is written
218 to by syslog. By default, psad acquires iptables log data from the
219 /var/log/psad/fwdata file which is written to by kmsgsd, but on some
220 systems, having syslog communicate log data to kmsgsd can be problematic
221 since syslog configs and external factors such as Apparmor and SELinux
222 can play a role here. This new feature is controled by two new
223 configuration variables "ENABLE_SYSLOG_FILE" (to enable/disable the
224 feature) and "IPT_SYSLOG_FILE" to specifiy the path to the file to
226 - Better installation support for various Linux distributions including
227 Fedora 8 and Ubuntu. The current runlevel is now acquired via the
228 "runlevel" command instead of attempting to read /etc/inittab (which
229 does not even exist on Ubuntu 7.10), and there are new command line
230 arguments --init-dir, --init-name, and --runlevel to allow the init
231 directory, init script name, and the runlevel to be manually specified
232 on the install.pl command line.
233 - Updated psad to automatically handle situations where the either the
234 /var/log/psad/fwdata file or the /var/log/messages file (whichever
235 syslog is writing iptables log messages to) gets rotated. The
236 filehandle is closed and reopened if the file shrinks or if the inode
237 changes. This strategy is borrowed from how the fwknop project deals
238 with the filesystem packet capture file.
239 - Minor bugfix to generate syslog message when restarting a psad process.
240 - Updated install.pl to set the LC_ALL environmental variable to "C"
241 This should address some issues with installing psad on non-English
243 - Updated install.pl to be compatible with the rsyslog daemon, which is
244 commonly installed on Fedora 8 systems.
246 psad-2.1 (10/19/2007):
247 - Changed EMAIL_LIMIT model to apply to scanning source addresses only
248 instead of also factoring in the destination address. The original
249 src/dst email limit behavior can be restored by setting a new variable
250 "ENABLE_EMAIL_LIMIT_PER_DST" to "Y".
251 - Added the patches/iptables-1.3.8_LOG_prefix_space.patch file which can
252 be applied to the iptables-1.3.8 code to enforce a trailing space
253 character before any log prefix when a LOG rule is added. This ensures
254 that the user cannot break the iptables syslog format just by forgetting
255 to include a space at the end of a logging prefix.
256 - Bugfix to ensure that parsing TCP options does not descend into an
257 infinite loop in some some circumstances with obscure or maliciously
258 constructed options. Also added syslog reporting for broken options
259 lengths of zero or one byte (the minimum option length is two bytes to
260 accomodate the TLV encoding).
261 - Bugfix to enforce the usage of --CSV-fields in --gnuplot mode.
262 - Implemented --get-next-rule-id so that it is easy to assign a new rule
263 ID to a new signature in the /etc/psad/signatures file.
264 - Updated to just call die() if GetOpt fails; this allows erroneous usage
265 of the command line to display informative error messages more clearly.
267 psad-2.0.8 (07/27/2007):
268 - Added --gnuplot mode so that psad can output data that is suitable for
269 plotting with gnuplot. All output produced in this mode is integer data
270 with the exception of date stamps that are derived from iptables syslog
272 - Added the ability to negate match conditions on fields specified with
273 the --CSV-fields argument by prepending the string "not" (which plays
274 more nicely with shells like bash than a character like "!"). For
275 example, to graph all packet data in --gnuplot or --CSV modes that
276 originates from the 11.11.0.0/16 subnet and is not destined for port
277 80, the following argument does the trick:
279 --CSV-fields "src:11.11.0.0/16 dp:not80"
281 - In --gnuplot mode, added the ability to generate the count for a CSV
282 field instead of the field itself. Supported modes are an absolute
283 count (<field>:count) , and a unique count (<field>:uniqcount). This
284 is useful to plot graphs of source IP vs. the number unique ports for
285 example. Also added the ability to count iptables log fields over
286 various time scales (minutes, hours, and days) with the following
287 switches: <field>:countday, <field>:counthour, <field>:countmin.
288 - In --gnuplot mode, added the ability to specify the view coordinates
289 for 3D graph viewing with --gnuplot-view.
290 - Added the Storable-2.16 module along with the --use-store-file argument
291 so that in --gnuplot mode the Gnuplot data can be stored on disk and
292 retrieve quickly. This eliminates a large performance bottleneck when
293 Gnuplot configuration directives are tweaked while the same graph is
294 generated multiple times.
295 - Added --gnuplot-template so that a template file can be used for all
296 Gnuplot directives (usually psad creates the .gnu file based on the
297 --gnuplot command line arguments).
298 - Added --gnuplot-grayscale to generate graphs without the default red
299 color for graph points.
300 - Bugfix for regular expressions not being imported correctly from within
301 the --CSV-fields argument.
302 - Added --analysis-fields so the iptables log messages that are parsed in
303 -A mode can be restricted to those that meet certain criteria. For
304 example, to restrict the analyze mode to process packets with a source
305 address of 192.168.10.1, use this command:
307 psad -A --analysis-fields "src:192.168.10.1"
309 - Added --plot-separator to allow the format of plot data (either in
310 --gnuplot or --CSV modes) to be influenced by the user.
311 - Added the ability to configure the syslog facility and priority via the
312 psad.conf file (see the SYSLOG_FACILITY and SYSLOG_PRIORITY variables).
313 - Updated psad.spec file to respect the %_initrddir RPM macro.
315 psad-2.0.7 (05/28/2007):
316 - Bugfix to define a custom 'source' definition for syslog-ng daemons -
317 this fixes a problem on SuSE systems where the existing syslog-ng
318 reconfig caused the daemon to not start.
319 - Bugfix to allow specific signatures to be ignored by setting SID values
320 of zero in /etc/psad/snort_rule_dl.
321 - Added -X command line argument to allow the user to delete any psad
322 chains (in auto-response mode). This is a synonym for the iptables -X
323 command line argument.
325 psad-2.0.6 (03/24/2007):
326 - Better integration with fwsnort; psad signature match syslog messages
327 and email alerts now include the fwsnort rule number (for fwsnort
328 version 0.9.0 and greater) and chain information.
329 - Added the Snort bleeding-all.rules signature file from the Bleeding
330 Snort project (see http://www.bleedingsnort.com).
331 - Bugfix to allow interfaces that have IP aliases.
332 - Added uname, ifconfig, and syslog process information to --Dump-conf
333 output (this can help diagnose various runtime issues).
334 - Changed the --Lib-dir command line argument to --lib-dir, and added
335 --List (similar to iptables) to list the psad auto-blocking chain rules.
336 - Added psad.SlackBuild script contributed by pyllyukko for building psad
337 on Slackware systems. It uses the Cipherdyne cd_rpmbuilder script to
338 first build and RPM, and then uses it to build a Slackware package.
340 psad-2.0.5 (03/01/2007):
341 - Consolidated all configuration variables into the /etc/psad/psad.conf
342 file. The kmsgsd.conf, psadwatchd.conf, alert.conf, and fw_search.conf
343 files were all removed since the daemons just reference the psad.conf
344 now. Updated install.pl to archive and remove these files if they
345 exist from a previous psad installation.
346 - Bugfix to account for iptables -nL output where the protocol may be
347 reported as "0" instead of "all".
348 - Added a function safe_malloc() for kmsgsd.c and psadwatchd.c to ensure
349 that a single API is used to perform a NULL check on heap-allocated
351 - Bugfix to ensure that the psad_ip_len signature matching keyword is
352 checked withing match_snort_ip_keywords() so that it applies to all
353 protocol packets. This fixes a bug that would cause the "PSAD-CUSTOM
354 Nachi worm reconnaisannce" signature to fire on normal ICMP packet log
356 - Added version and Subversion file revision numbers to die and warn
357 messages that are written to /var/log/psad/errs/. This helps when
358 trying to track these messages down to a specific file revisions when
359 psad is being upgraded on the local system.
360 - Added version and Subversion file revision numbers to --Dump-conf
362 - Minor update to allow --fw-dump to be used on the command line without
363 also having to use the -D argument.
364 - Updated the default_log() function in the IPTables::Parse module to
365 handle iptables policies that were dumped with -v, such as when
368 psad-2.0.4 (01/27/2007):
369 - Added Snort rule matches to syslog alerts. Multiple matches can be
370 controlled with new configuration variables in psad.conf:
371 ENABLE_SIG_MSG_SYSLOG, SIG_MSG_SYSLOG_THRESHOLD, and
372 SIG_SID_SYSLOG_THRESHOLD.
373 - Bugfix to include scanned UDP port ranges in syslog alerts.
374 - Bugfix to parse SEQ and ACK iptables log message fields (requires
375 --log-tcp-sequence on the iptables command line). This allows the ipEye
377 - Added --debug-sid to allow a specific Snort rule to be debugged while
378 psad runs it through its detection engine. A consequence of this is
379 that the -d command line argument must be spelled out, i.e. "psad
381 - Bugfix to allow logging prefixes to omit trailing spaces. This is a bug
382 in the iptables logging format to allow this in the first place, but
383 before this gets fixed psad needs to compensate.
384 - Bugfix for syslog-ng init script path in install.pl.
385 - Bugfix to include a "source" definition for /proc/kmsg if not already
386 defined for syslog-ng daemons.
387 - Minor memory handling bugfixes discovered by valgrind the excellent
388 Valgrind project: http://www.valgrind.org
390 psad-2.0.3 (12/31/2006):
391 - Removed Psad.pm perl module and kmsgsd.pl and psadwatchd.pl scripts.
392 This is a major change that allows psad to be more flexible and
393 completely derive its config from the psad.conf file and from the
394 command line. In the previous scheme, psad imported its config with a
395 function within Psad.pm, and this required that psad imported the Psad
396 perl module before reading its config. A consequence was that the
397 PSAD_LIBS_DIR var could not be specified usefully within the config
399 - Added the ability to recursively resolve embedded variables from *.conf
400 files (with a limit of 20 resolution attempts).
401 - Added IGNORE_KERNEL_TIMESTAMP so that Linux distros that add a timestamp
402 to all kernel messages (Ubuntu for example) can be ignored.
403 - Consolidated code to import data out of /var/log/psad/<ip> directories
404 with code to display status and analysis output (-S and -A).
405 Essentially the %scan hash is built by the filesystem data import
406 routine and the remainder of the code references this single data
409 psad-2.0.2 (12/23/2006):
410 - Added the ability to download the latest signatures from cipherdyne.org
412 - Added the cd_rpmbuilder script to make it easy to build RPM's out of
413 CipherDyne projects by automatically downloading the project .tar.gz and
414 .spec files from http://www.cipherdyne.org/.
415 - Added print statements for @INC array in debug mode so that the user can
416 see the additional /usr/lib/psad/* directories added by
417 import_psad_perl_modules().
418 - Changed Unix::Syslog import strategy from "use" to "require" since the
419 path is not known until import_psad_perl_modules() gets a chance to
420 run (psad ran fine without this, but it is more consistent this way).
421 - Bugfix for not properly including elements of the
422 @connected_subnets_cidr array.
423 - IP subnet bugfix to make sure to get the entire subnet in signature
424 import routine if it is not in CIDR format
425 - Bugfix to not print an IP addresses in the "top attackers" section that
426 do not have at least one packet or signature match (for any reason).
427 - Bugfix to not print more than TOP_IP_LOG_THRESHOLD IP addresses in thet
428 top attackers section.
429 - Updated install.pl to reference configuration paths directly from
430 psad.conf instead of defining them separately. This should fix Debian
432 - Added -c argument to install.pl so that the path to a psad.conf file
433 can be altered from the command line.
434 - Bugfix to not import any IP from the top_attackers file from a previous
435 psad run that does not have a /var/log/psad/<ip> directory.
436 - Added MIN_DANGER_LEVEL to allow all alerts and /var/log/psad/<ip>
437 tracking to be disabled unless an attacker reaches at least this
439 - Added text in install.pl to mention ifconfig parsing for HOME_NET
442 psad-2.0.1 (12/12/2006):
443 - Added Nachi worm reconnaisannce icmp signature
444 - Added the psad_ip_len signature keyword to allow the length field in the
445 IP header to be explicitly tested.
446 - Bugfix for inappropriately removing some directories in @INC when
447 splicing in psad perl module paths.
448 - Switched nf2csv installation path in install.pl to /usr/bin/.
450 psad-2.0 (12/10/2006):
451 - Completely refactored the Snort rule matching support in psad. Added
452 many header field tests with full range matching support. These tests
453 include the following keywords from Snort: ttl, id, seq, ack, window,
454 icmp_id, icmp_seq, itype, icode, ip_proto, ipopts, and sameip.
455 - Refactored all signatures in /etc/psad/signatures to conform to new
456 signature matching support in this release. There are now about 190
457 signatures that psad can run directly against iptables logging
458 messages (i.e. without the help of fwsnort).
459 - Added the ability to download the latest signatures file from
460 http://www.cipherdyne.org/psad/signatures with the --sig-update command
461 line argument to psad.
462 - Added "MISC Windows popup spam" signature. This allows psad to detect
463 when attempts are made to send spam via the Windows Messenger service.
464 - Completely reworked --Status and --Analyze output, signature matches
465 are included now, along with a listing of top sig matches, top scanned
466 ports, and top attackers. Also, scan data is not written to
467 /var/log/psad/ipt_analysis/ before display analysis output in -A mode;
468 analysis results are displayed much faster this way.
469 - Added ipEye, Subversion, Kuang2, Microsoft SQL, Radmin, and Ghostsurf
471 - Added 'data in TCP SYN packet' signature.
472 - Added --CSV mode so that psad can be used to generate comma-separated
473 value output suitable for the AfterGlow project (see
474 http://afterglow.sourceforge.net/index.html) for graphical
475 representations of iptables logs and associated scan data. Also added
476 nf2csv so that normal users can take advantage of this feature.
477 - Added emulation of the Snort "dsize" test through the use of the IP
478 length field for TCP/ICMP signatures, and the UDP length field for UDP
479 signatures. For SYN packets, TCP options are included so psad
480 automatically adds 44 bytes (the maximum length for TCP options) so the
481 dsize test corresponds to the estimated payload length.
482 - Added the psad_id, psad_dsize, and psad_derived_sids fields for the new
484 - Added the ability to decode IP options, which are included within Snort
485 rules as the "ipopts" keyword. This functionality requires that the
486 --log-ip-options command line argument is given to iptables when
487 building a rule that uses the LOG target.
488 - Added Snort rules (sids 475, 500, 501, and 502) that detect IP options
489 usage such as source routing and the traceroute IP option with the new
491 - Enhanced psad email alert output to include sid values that have been
492 derived from existing Snort rules.
493 - Added the ability to expand embedded variables within the psad
494 configuration files. For example, the path to the FW_DATA_FILE is
495 defined in psad.conf as "$PSAD_DIR/fwdata", which resolves to
496 /var/log/psad/fwdata when the PSAD_DIR variable is expanded. This
497 feature allows a consistent set of file paths to easily be defined
498 instead of using the full path for each file path.
499 - Better validation of IPT_AUTO_CHAIN{n} variables so that the from_chain
500 cannot be identical to the to_chain.
501 - Added dump_config() to psadwatchd.c and kmsgsd.c when compiled with
503 - Added ENABLE_INTF_LOCAL_NETS to have psad automatically treat all IP
504 addresses that are part of the local system as belonging to the HOME_NET
505 for signature matching.
506 - Added ENABLE_SNORT_SIG_STRICT to have psad exit if there are any
507 problems found with Snort rules in the /etc/psad/signatures file. If
508 this feature is disabled (this is the default), then psad generates
509 syslog warnings for improperly formatted signatures).
510 - Update to print the number of IP addresses at each danger level in -A
511 analysis mode. This is useful to get a sense for how long the disk IO
512 might take to write out all of the /var/log/psad/ipt_analysis/<IP>
514 - Added code to restart kmsgsd at psad start up if a previous kmsgsd
515 process is still running and TRUNCATE_FWDATA is set to 'Y' (this is the
516 default). This probably isn't strictly necessary because kmsgsd is
517 capable of writing to the fwdata file even if another process truncates
519 - Added code to recreate the AUTO_IPT_SOCK (/var/run/psad/auto_ipt.sock)
520 file if some other process happens to delete it out of /var/run/psad/
521 - Bugfix to allow backwards compatibility with old NOT_USED value
522 for the HOME_NET variable.
523 - Bugfix to cleanup any lost blocking rules from the running psad
524 timeouts (a separate process might have deleted rules from the psad
526 - Bugfix to allow iptables log messages to include the PHYSDEV (i.e.
527 PHYSIN and PHYSOUT) interfaces.
528 - Updated to read architecture-dependent perl module installation
529 directory out of /usr/lib/psad (e.g. "/usr/lib/psad/x86_64-linux")
530 before importing psad perl modules such as IPTables::Parse, etc. These
531 modules are now imported via "require" after the appropriate
532 directories have been added to @INC. This allows the RPM files to be
533 built on one system that builds @INC differently than the system where
534 psad is actually installed since psad can now compensate for this.
535 - Added new code to populate the <dst>_signature file in each of the
536 /var/log/psad/<ip> directories with verbose information including the
537 signature time, sid, protocol, dst port, and packet count.
538 - Changed --interval to --Interval, and added --interface to allow
539 psad's detection to be limited to a specific IN interface for the INPUT
540 and FORWARD chains (or OUT interface for the OUTPUT chain).
541 - Replaced --status-brief with --status-summary, but changed it so that
542 only the detailed IP status information is omitted.
543 - Removed unnecessary --status-sort-dl option.
544 - Added STATUS_OUTPUT_FILE so the --Status and --Analyze output is
545 captured instead of just being lost if the output was not piped to
546 'less' or another similar program.
547 - Added --restrict-ip so that psad will restrict its attack detection
548 operations to a specific IP or network.
549 - Updated psadwatchd.c to parse EMAIL_ADDRESSES out of
550 /etc/psad/psad.conf to avoid duplication of variables.
551 - Bugfix to clear old @ipt_config array after receiving a HUP signal.
552 This bug broke the auto-blocking mode.
553 - Bugfix for syslog-ng config so that any custom source for /proc/kmsg is
554 used for the psadfifo path.
556 psad-1.4.8 (10/15/2006):
557 - Added the ability to get the auto-blocking status for a specific IP
558 address in --status-ip mode.
559 - Bugfix to use the IPT_OUTPUT_FILE and IPT_ERROR_FILE configuration
561 - Bugfix to restore "start" functionality in Gentoo init script.
562 - Added the ability to selectively disable psad auto-blocking emails.
563 - Added more rigorous IP matching regex from Sebastien J. (contributed
564 originally for fwknop).
566 psad-1.4.7 (09/10/2006):
567 - Completely re-worked IPTables::ChainMgr to support the return of
568 iptables error messages that are collected via stderr. This is critical
569 to fixing a bug where psad would sometimes die on an iptables command
570 but no information would be returned to the user.
571 - Added the ability to specify the position for both the jump rule into
572 the psad chains as well as the position for new rules within the psad
573 chains via the -I argument to iptables. This fixes a bug where the user
574 was given the impression that the IPTABLES_AUTO_RULENUM would accomplish
576 - Populated the _debug option in the IPTables::ChainMgr module, and also
577 added a _verbose option so that the specific iptables commands can
578 actually be seen as IPTables::ChainMgr functions are called.
579 - Added code to install.pl to ask the user if a manual restart of syslog
580 is ok upon an unsuccessful test of the syslog reconfiguration. This
581 fixes a bug where some syslog daemons might not re-import their
582 configurations after receiving a HUP signal.
583 - Bugfix for incorrect config variable name that gated iptables
585 - Added code to install.pl to update command paths in psad.conf and
586 psadwatchd.conf if any of the paths are broken (i.e. the local system
587 does not conform to the default paths). By default this only happens if
588 the user does not want old configs to be merged, but to override this
589 use the new --path-update command line argument to install.pl.
590 - Added the --Skip-mod-install command line argument to install.pl to
591 allow all perl module installs to be skipped.
592 - Added the --force-mod-regex command line argument to install.pl to allow
593 a regex match on perl module names to force matching modules to be
595 - Added the logrotate.psad file (contributed by Albert Whale).
597 psad-1.4.6 (06/13/2006):
598 - Added ENABLE_AUTO_IDS_REGEX and AUTO_BLOCK_REGEX to allow filtering on
600 - Added code to save DShield email to a file.
601 - Added IPTABLES_PREREQ_CHECK to allow the administrator to control the
602 frequency of iptables checks (for auto-block compatibility).
603 - Added IGNORE_LOG_PREFIXES to allow certain log prefixes to be completely
605 - Added classification.config file from Snort-2.3.3 so that psad can
606 assign danger levels based upon Snort rule class type. This is useful
607 when also running fwsnort.
608 - Added snort_rule_dl to allow specific psad to assign specific danger
609 level values to particular signatures. This is useful if you want to
610 do define certain Snort rules as being particularly evil (or not).
611 Running fwsnort is also necessary to take advantage of this feature.
612 - Added reference.config so that psad can include reference information in
613 email alerts that are derived from attacks detected by fwsnort.
614 - Updated to Snort-2.3.3 signatures.
615 - Updated to whois-4.7.13.
617 psad-1.4.5 (01/13/2006):
618 - Bugfix in IPTables::Parse to allow the limit target to apply to
620 - Made calls to chain creation and jump rule functions for only every
621 100 block calls in auto-IDS mode.
622 - Bugfix to make sure /var/run/psad directory exists at startup since
623 this directory is removed by some Linux distributions at boot time.
624 - Bugfix for zero masks in auto_dl; this allows a network of "0.0.0.0/0"
626 - Added ENABLE_FW_LOGGING_CHECK so that the iptables policy check can be
627 enabled/disabled easily via psad.conf.
628 - Enhanced -D output to include "uname -a" and "perl -V" output.
629 - Added ENABLE_RENEW_BLOCK_EMAILS to allow whether renew emails are sent
630 for auto-blocked addresses.
632 psad-1.4.4 (11/27/2005):
633 - Added MAC address reporting in psad email alerts. This feature is
634 enabled via a new config keyword "ENABLE_MAC_ADDR_REPORTING".
635 - Added --fw-rm-block-ip <ip> option to allow IP addresses to be removed
636 from the auto-blocking chains from the command line.
637 - Updated command line firewall arguments to write commands to the
638 AUTO_IPT_SOCK domain socket.
639 - Added the ability to specify ports and port ranges to auto_dl file.
640 - Added --force-mod-install command line argument to installer to force
641 perl modules used by psad to be installed within /usr/lib/psad
642 regardless of whether they already exist in the system perl tree.
643 - Bugfix in the installer to seek() to the end of the fwdata file
644 - Bugfix for psad repeatedly trying to remove the same IP address(es)
645 from the auto-blocking chains.
646 instead of reading the entire thing into memory.
647 - Added the ability to truncate the fwdata file via a new configuration
648 keyword "TRUNCATE_FWDATA" (this is enabled by default).
649 - Bugfix in auto-blocking mode for deleting AUTO_IPT_SOCK when a HUP
651 - Bugfix for parsing iptables policies that contain ULOG logging rules
652 instead of the standard LOG target.
653 - Removed the smtpdaemon requirement in the RPM because psad might be
654 configured to not send email alerts.
656 psad-1.4.3 (09/27/2005):
657 - Bugfixes for auto-blocking code. Timeouts should be handled
658 properly, including cached IP addresses in the auto_blocked_iptables
659 file that are referenced upon psad startup. Communication with the
660 running psad is performed over a Unix domain socket in --fw-block
662 - Bugfix to seek to the end of the fwdata file instead of reading the
663 entire thing into memory and then looking for newly written logging
664 messages. This drastically reduces the amount of memory required
666 - Updated to only display psad chains if --verbose is set
667 - Updated to automatically flush the psad auto-response iptables chains
668 at start time (subject to a new config keyword "FLUSH_IPT_AT_INIT").
670 psad-1.4.2 (07/15/2005):
671 - Dependency bugfixes for mail binary.
672 - Bugfix for various IGNORE_* keywords not being honored.
673 - Bugfix for not timing out blocked IP addresses from a previous run.
674 - Updated to version 0.2 of the IPTables::ChainMgr module.
675 - Updated to not truncate the fwdata file upon psad startup.
676 - Added --fw-dump which produces a sanitized (i.e. no IP addresses)
677 version of the local iptables policy. Also added --fw-include-ips
678 to (optionally) not sanitize IPs/nets. Note that the 0.0.0.0 and
679 0.0.0.0/0 IPs/nets are not sanitized since they give no useful
680 information about specific IPs/nets.
681 - Added ulogd data collection mode.
682 - Bugfix for FW_MSG_SEARCH default (at least "DROP" is included now
683 even if FW_SEARCH_ALL is set to "N").
684 - Bugfix for non-network address for subnet specified with --fw-block.
685 - Bugfix for multiple --fw-block IPs/nets.
686 - Added README.SYSLOG (Francois Marier contributed the content).
687 - Made email alert prefixes (such as "[psad-alert]") customizable via
690 psad-1.4.1 (03/12/2005):
691 - Updated to Snort-2.3 rules in the snort_rules directory.
692 - Re-worked syslog installation portion of install.pl. The user will
693 always be prompted to enter the syslog daemon now, and also added
694 the --syslog-conf arg to allow the config file path to be specified
695 on the install.pl command line.
696 - Bugfix in install.pl for using IP address instead of network address
697 of directly connected subnets.
698 - Updated to version 4.6.23 of the whois client.
699 - Bugfix for distinguishing OPT field associated with --log-tcp-options
700 vs. --log-ip-options.
701 - Bugfix for syslog format that may not include the "kernel:" tag.
702 - Applied patch to only install perl modules that are not already
703 installed (Blair Zajac).
704 - Bugfix for the psad version number that is sent in DShield alerts.
705 - Updated Psad module directory structure to be consistent with current
706 versions of perl (5.8.x).
707 - Added IPTables::ChainMgr module.
708 - Completely re-worked the iptables auto-blocking code to use
709 IPTables::ChainMgr functions so that auto-generated rules are placed
710 in chains created by psad.
711 - Added IPT_AUTO_CHAIN keyword in psad.conf which is used to define the
712 set of chains to which auto-generated iptables rules are added.
713 - Added --fw-list-auto to display the contents of psad iptables
715 - Added the ability to import an IP into the iptableiptablesocking
716 chains from the command line with --fw-block-ip. This allows psad to
717 apply its timeout mechanism against such IPs/nets.
718 - Added the ability to ignore packets based on input interface with
719 IGNORE_INTERFACES in psad.conf.
720 - Re-worked auto_dl code, better hash design and searching function.
721 - Removed dependency on sendmail command unless DShield alerting is
722 enabled and a DShield user id is specified.
723 - Added ALERTING_METHODS keyword in the file alert.conf to allow either
724 syslog or email alerts (or both) to be disabled. Psad and psadwatchd
727 psad-1.4.0 (11/26/2004):
728 - Added p0f-style passive OS fingerprinting through the use of the OPT
729 field in iptables log messages (which is only logged through the use
730 of the --log-tcp-options command line arg to iptables).
731 - Bugfix for iptables log messages that include tcp sequence numbers
732 (see the iptables --log-tcp-sequence command line argument).
733 - Bugfix for O_RDONLY open flag when kmsgsd receives a HUP signal.
735 psad-1.3.4 (10/17/2004):
736 - Bugfix for init script directory on Slackware systems.
737 - Bugfix for null prefix counters.
738 - Added --whois-analysis argument since whois lookups are now disabled
739 by default when running in analysis (-A) mode.
740 - Updated psad_init() to rework setup() and import orderings vs.
741 --fw-analyze and --Benchmark modes.
742 - Added bidirectional iptables auto-blocking support for all chains
743 except for the INPUT and OUTPUT chains.
744 - Better syslog message support when run in auto-blocking mode.
745 - Added iptables auto-block rules section to --Status output.
746 - Added init script for Fedora systems.
747 - Added default_log() function to IPTables::Parse. This function
748 parses user defined chains in an effort to find default logging
750 - Added EMAIL_LIMIT_STATUS_MSG to control whether or not psad sends a
751 status email when the PSAD_EMAIL_LIMIT threshold has been reached by
753 - Added ENABLE_SCAN_ARCHIVE to control whether or not psad archives old
754 scan data within /var/log/psad/scan_archive at start time.
756 psad-1.3.3 (09/09/2004):
757 - Fixed __WARN__ and __DIE__ exception handlers so that they
758 reference global message variables.
759 - Fixed auto danger level assignments. Network auto assignments as
760 well as per-protocol assignments work now.
761 - Added SYSLOG_DAEMON variable to define which syslog daemon is running
762 on the underlying system instead of just guessing.
763 - Added the ability to ignore both ranges and specific ports/protocols
764 with a new variable IGNORE_PORTS in psad.conf.
765 - Bugfix to make sure email addresses are separated by spaces when
766 Psad::sendmail() is called.
767 - Bugfix for ipt_prefix counters not being parsed correct at import
769 - Removed exclude_auto_ignore_ip() since this function was made
770 unnecessary by newly rewritten auto-assign code.
771 - Bugfix for Text::Wrap calls in install.pl uninstall() routine.
772 - Bugfix for using --no-fw-search-all even when FW_SEARCH_ALL is
774 - Removed extraneous ".." and "**" chars from syslog messages, and
775 updated to use [+] prefix strings.
776 - Moved init scripts into init-scripts directory within source tree.
777 - Removed dependency on Bit::Vector (psad does not seem to make use
778 of any Date::Calc functions that require it).
779 - Wrapped copy() and move() calls with "or die()" to make them
781 - Added check for existing psad process in install.pl.
782 - Updated to a new psad email alert subject format. Prefixes of
783 "[psad-alert]", "[psad-error]", and "[psad-status]" are used now.
784 - Permissions fixes with umask() setting in /var/log/psad, permissions
785 fixes for files in /etc/psad at install time.
787 psad-1.3.2 (06/25/2004):
788 - Removed FW_MSG_SEARCH from psad.conf, and created a new config
789 file "fw_search.conf" that both psad and kmsgsd use to get the
790 FW_MSG_SEARCH definition(s).
791 - Added default mode of parsing all iptables messages instead of
792 just those that contain specific search strings. A new config
793 variable "FW_SEARCH_ALL" was added to fw_search.conf that
795 - Updated psad and kmsgsd so that multiple firewall search strings
796 can be specified through multiple FW_MSG_SEARCH variables in
798 - Added iptables chain and logging-prefix tracking for current
799 scan interval in email alerts.
800 - Added protocol-specific auto-danger level assignments.
801 - Added total scan source and destination IP address counters in
803 - Added number of email alerts sent and OS guess in default
804 --Status output. The output is getting wide now, so there is
805 also a new option --status-brief that will remove the alerts
806 sent and OS guess columns.
807 - Added getopt() command line arg parsing to kmsgsd with two new
808 options "-c" (for config file path) and "-k" (for fw_search.conf
810 - Made iptables parsing code into its own script "fwcheck_psad"
811 that gets called by psad.
812 - Added Dshield stats summary to --Status output.
813 - Bugfix for auto-ignore IP addresses and networks being missed.
814 - Made parsing of ifconfig output language independent (should
815 handle French now for example).
816 - Removed "psad_" prefix on files psad_signatures, psad_auto_ips,
817 psad_posf, and psad_icmp_types in /etc/psad/.
818 - Updated to version 4.6.14 of the whois client.
820 psad-1.3.1 (12/25/2003):
821 - Added the ability to import /var/log/psad/<ip> directories
822 back into memory so scan data remains persistent across
823 psad restarts or system reboots.
824 - Added --Analyze-msgs to run psad in analysis mode against an
825 iptables logfile (/var/log/psad/fwdata by default). The logfile
826 path can be changed with --messages-file.
827 - Added icmp type and code validation against RFC 792.
828 - Bugfix for being too strict with FW_MSG_SEARCH.
829 - Added port ranges for tcp and udp scans in <ip>/<dst>_packet_ctr.
830 - Added <ip>/<dst>_start_time and <ip>/os_guess.
831 - Bugfix for missing --no-signatures code.
832 - Updated to Snort-2.1 signatures.
834 psad-1.3 (11/30/2003):
835 - Replaced all signatures in psad_signatures with updated snort
837 - Added support for source and destination ip addresses in
838 signature matching code. A new variable "HOME_NET" makes this
840 - Added support for the iptables output chain.
841 - Added chain tracking for all signatures.
842 - Replaced match_fastsigs() with two new routines for tcp and
843 udp signature matching that don't autovivify hash keys.
844 - Removed support for ipchains.
845 - Added support for metalog.
846 - Removed all "Undefined Code" signatures from psad_signatures.
847 - Re-worked %auto_blocked_ips hash and corresponding blocking
848 routines. This (hopefully) fixes a restart bug seen on older
849 systems such as those that are still running versions of perl
851 - Re-worked firewall policy parsing routines. Chains that have
852 a default policy of DROP are handled properly now.
853 - Bugfix for missing NULL char in kmsgsd.c.
854 - Updated scan alerting format. Put current interval protocol
855 status before source and destination addresses.
856 - Buffer overflow fix in kmsgsd.c for size of buf[MAX_LINE_BUF]
857 buffer in read() call.
858 - Added --no-kmsgsd option to aid in psad --debug mode.
860 psad-1.2.4 (10/15/2003):
861 - Added danger level to subject line in email alerts.
862 - Removed diskmond altogether since psad now handles disk space
863 thresholds directly. This allows filehandles to be handled
865 - Added auto_block_ignore_ip() to prevent 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1,
866 and local interface ips from being included in auto blocking
868 - Added Bit::Vector module to stop installation warnings from
870 - Made get_local_ips() called periodically since local addresses
871 may change (dhcp, etc.).
872 - Added installation code and init script for Gentoo Linux.
873 - Bugfix for INIT_DIR in uninstall() routine in install.pl.
874 - Bugfix for auto-blocking loop after timeouts are hit.
875 - Added --status-dl [N] to display status information only for
876 those scans that reach at least [N].
878 psad-1.2.3 (09/12/2003):
879 - Added interface tracking for scans.
880 - Bugfix for not opening /etc/hosts.deny the right way in
882 - Bugfix for psadfifo path in syslog-ng config.
883 - Better format for summary stats section in email alerts.
884 - Bugfix for INIT_DIR path on non-RedHat systems.
885 - Bugfix for gzip path.
886 - Make Psad.pm installed last of all perl modules installed
888 - Added additional call to incr_syscall_ctr() in psadwatchd.c
890 psad-1.2.2 (08/24/2003):
891 - psad is finally available as an RPM package.
892 - Added chain tracking for iptables.
893 - Added chain counts to --Status output.
894 - Bugfix for psad not taking into account multiple scan
896 - Reworked auto-blocking code for both tcpwrappers and
897 iptables. Lines added to /etc/hosts.deny will no longer be
898 duplicated. Added IPTABLES_AUTO_RULENUM and
899 IPCHAINS_AUTO_RULENUM so auto rules can be inserted at a
900 configurable point within iptables and ipchains policies.
901 - Psad now installs all perl modules within /usr/lib/psad.
902 - Removed /var/log/psad/<ip>/scanlog file since it was wasting
904 - Made psad, psadwatchd, and diskmond take the machine hostname
905 from their respective config files. This makes installation
906 via the rpm easier, and is generally cleaner.
907 - Added scan destination in --Status output.
908 - Added --status-sort-dl (the default status output is now
909 sorted by ip address by default).
911 psad-1.2.1 (07/11/2003):
912 - Bugfix for multiple processes being spawned by psadwatchd
913 due to lack of proper config variables in the new split
915 - Bugfix for old scan messages being regenerated if a HUP
917 - Bugfix for incorrectly calculating disk utilization in
919 - Extended install.pl to include compression for archived
921 - Added preserve questions in install.pl for the psad
922 signature and auto ips files.
923 - Bugfix for --USR1 command line switch not mapping to the
925 - Bugfix for psad man page missing the pipe character in
926 psadfifo line for syslog.conf.
928 psad-1.2 (06/18/2003):
929 - Added passive OS fingerprinting based on packet ttl, length,
931 - Added dshield.org alerting capability.
932 - Added exec_external_script() for external script execution.
933 - Added auto blocked timeouts.
934 - Implemented config re-imports via HUP signals in a manner
935 similar to various other system daemons (sysylog, apache
937 - Better --Status output that shows packet counts per protocol
939 - Added --ip-status for more verbose status output for a
940 particular ip address.
941 - Added config preservation code to install.pl.
942 - Added Psad::psyslog().
943 - Split psad.conf into a separate config file for each of the
945 - Completely re-worked the auto blocking code (made dedicated
946 files for iptables and ipchains block methods).
947 - Added danger level hash.
948 - Minor code cleanups (shorter hash keys, etc.).
950 psad-1.1.1 (04/26/2003):
951 - Bugfix for incorrect usage of %scan hash keys associated
952 with tcp/udp when the current protocol is icmp.
953 - Bugfix for being too strict on iptable default log string.
954 - Reworked USR1 signal handler so the Data::Dumper function
955 call is made in the main part of the psad code.
956 - Added a startup message for psad.
957 - Minor bugfix for leading whitespace in auto_ips.
959 psad-1.1 (04/20/2003):
960 - Added the IPTables::Parse module for better processing of
961 the iptables ruleset.
962 - Added --snort-sids so that iptables messages generated by
963 fwsnort can be included in alerts. Such alerts now include
964 the content fields of packets (fwsnort uses the iptables
965 string match module).
966 - Added the ability to specify entire networks in the auto
967 ips file through the use of the Net::IPv4Addr module.
968 - Better logging format that reinstates the current interval,
969 and adds an "overall stats" section that includes packet
970 counters per protocol.
971 - Removed the PROTO hash key since it was unnecesssary.
972 - Better benchmarking code.
973 - Bug fix for incorrectly looking for the "MAC" string in
974 iptables messages that could have been generated by the
977 psad-1.0 (02/27/2003):
978 - Added --Benchmark and --packets command line options to support
980 - Bugfix for improperly detecting NULL scans.
981 - Completely redesigned website.
983 psad-1.0.0-pre4 (11/26/2002):
984 - Rewrote kmsgsd and psadwatchd in C.
projects / psad.git / blob